As was noted in Module 1, culture is influenced and changed over time. Although it may be a slow process, it is also ongoing. The cultural patterns that are created as part of the change process are dynamic because they are constantly being informed by diverse perspectives within a group. This may seem paradoxical - a group held together by similar values and behaviors is also a heterogeneous entity.
This is particularly important to understand when we look at smaller groups which are part of a dominant group’s framework such as members of indigenous, LGBTIQ, refugee, and immigrant populations. In the past, these groups would often be referred to as sub-cultures or subordinate cultures, which simply defined means “cultures under the dominant culture”. The term ‘co-cultures’ has become a more current and accepted term, not only because of its more culturally sensitive connotation, but because of its recognition on the influence that smaller groups have in supporting the changing dynamics of the dominant culture.
A key point to make here is that all group members, whether they are representative of the dominant culture, or are part of smaller/co-cultural groups, have a part in cultural change.
The Complexity of Cultures
If we were to see the French (in France) as homogeneous, we would be neglecting the incredible diversity and change that comes from smaller groups within France and their ability to influence change and develop cultural norms. (e.g., people of North African decent, European Union residents). We could then explore the heterogeneity that comes with those living in overseas French territories (and French influenced areas). As an example, French-Canadians living within the Canadian framework have developed a dynamic culture which differs from, but maintains links to France and French culture. Within the Canadian framework, they maintain a driving force behind changes to Canadian society (e.g., bilingual policy in schools) but are also influenced because of their affiliation within this framework. Breaking this down further, we could then look at the province of Quebec in which French-Canadians make up the dominant group. Smaller groups are influenced by the norms of this dominant group, but because they make up a very diverse base, also influence and drive changes within the province.
Self-reflection:
Think about a cultural group that you would consider as holding a dominant position in a region, country, or province/state, or city.
- What other smaller groups are present?
- How do they influence or guide the dominant cultural norms?