Exercise
All three of the models we reviewed in Module 3 have cultural values that distinguish the individual from the group. The terms ‘individualism’ and ‘collectivism’ will be used from this point to refer to this orientation.
Individualism
- The individual identifies primarily with self.
- The needs of the individual are satisfied before those of the group.
- Being self-sufficient guarantees the well-being of the group.
- Independence and self-reliance are greatly stressed and valued.
- In general, people tend to distance themselves psychologically and emotionally from each other.
- Group membership is not essential to individual identity or success.
- There may be a stronger tendency to separate work and social relationships (specific).
- Characteristics are often associated with a masculine orientation and people in urban settings.
- Individualists may also be perceived as having a stronger internal locus of control.
Collectivism
- Identity is a function of membership and role in a group.
- By considering the needs and feelings of others, one is also given security.
- Harmony and the interdependence of group members are stressed and valued.
- Group members are relatively close with one another.
- There may also be a stronger tendency to mix work and social relationships (diffuse).
- There may be distancing and a lower level of trust with those deemed as outside of the group.
- Often associated with a feminine orientation and people in rural settings.
- May also be perceived as having a stronger external locus of control.